![]() ![]() Nanokelvin thermometry and temperature control: beyond the thermal noise limit. Dual-mode temperature compensation technique for laser stabilization to a crystalline whispering gallery mode resonator. ![]() Temperature measurement and stabilization in a birefringent whispering gallery mode resonator. 88Sr + 445-THz single-ion reference at the 10 −17 level via control and cancellation of systematic uncertainties and its measurement against the SI second. Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition 714–717 (IEEE, 2000). Accuracy results from NIST-F1 laser-cooled cesium primary frequency standard. Ultra-narrow linewidth Brillouin laser with nanokelvin temperature self-referencing. Loh, W., Yegnanarayanan, S., O’Donnell, F. Linewidth narrowing in Brillouin lasers: theoretical analysis. ![]() Linewidth-narrowing and intensity noise reduction of the 2nd order Stokes component of a low threshold Brillouin laser made of Ge 10As 22Se 68 chalcogenide fiber. Multiwavelength Brillouin-erbium fiber laser with double-Brillouin-frequency spacing. Highly stable low-noise Brillouin fiber laser with ultranarrow spectral linewidth. Sub-hertz fundamental linewidth photonic integrated Brillouin laser. Dual-microcavity narrow-linewidth Brillouin laser. Narrow linewidth Brillouin laser based on chalcogenide photonic chip. Chemically etched ultrahigh- Q wedge-resonator on a silicon chip. Brillouin lasing with a CaF 2 whispering gallery mode resonator. Ultracompact reference ultralow expansion glass cavity. Compact, thermal-noise-limited reference cavity for ultra-low-noise microwave generation. A sub-40-mHz-linewidth laser based on a silicon single-crystal optical cavity. Making optical atomic clocks more stable with 10 −16-level laser stabilization. ![]() Atomic clock performance enabling geodesy below the centimetre level. Applications of clocks and frequency standards: from the routine to tests of fundamental models. Test of general relativity by a pair of transportable optical lattice clocks. In-orbit operation of an atomic clock based on laser-cooled 87Rb. Field-test of a robust, portable, frequency-stable laser. Single-ion atomic clock with 3 × 10 −18 systematic uncertainty. Huntemann, N., Sanner, C., Lipphardt, B., Tamm, Chr. Frequency ratio of two optical clock transitions in 171Yb + and constraints on the time variation of fundamental constants. Transportable optical lattice clock with 7 × 10 −17 uncertainty. 27Al + quantum-logic clock with a systematic uncertainty below 10 −18. An optical lattice clock with accuracy and stability at the 10 −18 level. This performance increase within a potentially portable system presents a compelling avenue for substantially improving existing technology, such as the global positioning system, and also for enabling the exploration of topics such as geodetic measurements of the Earth, searches for dark matter and investigations into possible long-term variations of fundamental physics constants 10, 11, 12. We interrogate a 88Sr + ion with our stimulated Brillouin scattering laser and achieve a clock exhibiting short-term stability of 3.9 × 10 −14 over one second-an improvement of an order of magnitude over state-of-the-art microwave clocks. Here, using a stimulated Brillouin scattering laser subsystem that has a reduced cavity volume and operates without vacuum, we demonstrate a promising component of a portable optical atomic clock architecture. In terms of the clock laser, prior laboratory demonstrations of optical clocks have relied on the exceptional performance gained through stabilization using bulk cavities, which unfortunately necessitates the use of vacuum and also renders the laser susceptible to vibration-induced noise. Extant optical clocks occupy volumes of more than one cubic metre, and it is a substantial challenge to enable these clocks to operate in field environments, which requires the ruggedization and miniaturization of the atomic reference and clock laser along with their supporting lasers and electronics 4, 7, 8, 9. However, over the past decade, optical atomic clocks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 have surpassed the precision of their microwave counterparts by two orders of magnitude or more. Microwave atomic clocks have traditionally served as the ‘gold standard’ for precision measurements of time and frequency. ![]()
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